{"id":448,"date":"2023-07-11T17:47:46","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T17:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/?p=448"},"modified":"2023-07-12T04:15:40","modified_gmt":"2023-07-12T04:15:40","slug":"a-discussion-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/uranium\/a-discussion-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Uranium – A Discussion Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\n <\/p>\n

URANIUM<\/span><\/big><\/h1>\n

A Discussion Guide (page 1 of 4)<\/span><\/h1>\n

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS<\/h3>\n

by Dr. Gordon Edwards et al.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

prepared for and published by
\nThe National Film Board of Canada<\/h4>\n

to accompany the film “Uranium”
\ndirected by Magnus Isacsson<\/p>\n

\n<\/center><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>TABLE\u00a0OF CONTENTS<\/center>
<\/center>A. URANIUM AND RADIOACTIVITY<\/span><\/p>\n

A.1.<\/a>\u00a0What is uranium?
\nA.2.<\/a>\u00a0What is radioactivity?
\nA.3.<\/a>\u00a0How far can atomic radiation penetrate?
\nA.4.<\/a>\u00a0Is radioactivity dangerous?
\nA.5.<\/a>\u00a0How do radioactive elements produce other radioactive elements?<\/p>\n

B. URANIUM AND ITS USES<\/span><\/p>\n

B.1.<\/a>\u00a0Where is uranium found?
\nB.2.<\/a>\u00a0How did Canada get into the uranium business?
\nB.3.<\/a>\u00a0How is uranium used in atomic bombs?
\nB.4.<\/a>\u00a0How is uranium used in nuclear reactors to produce electricity?
\nB.5.<\/a>\u00a0Are there other uses for nuclear reactors?
\nB.6.<\/a>\u00a0Are the peaceful and military uses of uranium incompatible?
\nB.7.<\/a>\u00a0Has Canada ever produced plutonium for use in bombs?
\nB.8.<\/a>\u00a0Does Canada still sell uranium and plutonium for bombs?
\nB.9.<\/a>\u00a0Does Canadian uranium still find its way into nuclear bombs?
\nB.10.<\/a>\u00a0Are there any other uses for uranium?<\/p>\n

C. URANIUM AND NUCLEAR FISSION<\/span><\/p>\n

C.1.<\/a>\u00a0What is nuclear fission?
\nC.2.<\/a>\u00a0What are fission products?
\nC.3.<\/a>\u00a0What is strontium-90? cesium-137?
\nC.4.<\/a>\u00a0What is “nuclear weapons fallout”?
\nC.5.<\/a>\u00a0What is “high level radioactive waste”?
\nC.6.<\/a>\u00a0How are plutonium and the other transuranic elements produced?
\nC.7.<\/a>\u00a0What is plutonium used for?<\/p>\n

D. URANIUM AND PUBLIC POLICY<\/span><\/p>\n

D.1.<\/a>\u00a0Is nuclear-generated electricity inevitable? Just a matter of time?
\nD.2.<\/a>\u00a0Are the alternatives to nuclear power feasible?
\nD.3.<\/a>\u00a0Is uranium and nuclear power accepted in Canada? in the World?
\nD.4.<\/a>\u00a0To what extent has Canada invested in uranium and nuclear power?
\nD.5.<\/a>\u00a0To what extent has Canada intervened in the uranium market?
\nD.6.<\/a>\u00a0What is Canada’s present status in the international uranium market?
\nD.7.<\/a>\u00a0Why is uranium mining expanding in Canada?
\nD.8.<\/a>\u00a0Are there implications for aboriginal land title & rights?\u00a0[Dr. Jim Harding]<\/p>\n

E. THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF URANIUM MINING<\/span><\/p>\n

E.1.<\/a>\u00a0What are the health hazards of uranium mining?
\nE.2.<\/a>\u00a0How long have we known that lung cancer is caused by uranium mining?
\nE.3.<\/a>\u00a0How did we learn that radioactivity causes lung cancer?
\nE.4.<\/a>\u00a0Which radioactive materials cause lung cancer among miners?
\nE.5.<\/a>\u00a0Have uranium miners in North America suffered from excess lung cancer?
\nE.6.<\/a>\u00a0Are there higher rates of lung cancer among uranium miners today?
\nE.7.<\/a>\u00a0Are the current levels of radiation exposure for miners considered safe?
\nE.8.<\/a>\u00a0Can health dangers be alleviated by using more miners for shorter times?<\/p>\n

F. URANIUM TAILINGS<\/span><\/p>\n

F.1.<\/a>\u00a0What are uranium tailings?
\nF.2.<\/a>\u00a0What is thorium-230?
\nF.3.<\/a>\u00a0What is radium-226?
\nF.4.<\/a>\u00a0What is radon-222?
\nF.5.<\/a>\u00a0What are the radon progeny?
\nF.6.<\/a>\u00a0What is polonium?<\/p>\n

G. URANIUM AND THE ENVIRONMENT<\/span><\/p>\n

G.1.<\/a>\u00a0What are the greatest environmental risks from a uranium mine?
\nG.2.<\/a>\u00a0Does uranium mining cause water pollution?
\nG.3.<\/a>\u00a0What dangers do tailings pose to humans, wildlife and the environment?
\nG.4.<\/a>\u00a0Is there a way to avoid this kind of radioactive contamination?
\nG.5.<\/a>\u00a0How long will the tailings be radioactive?
\nG.6.<\/a>\u00a0How long will it take to get rid of the hazard of uranium tailings?
\nG.7.<\/a>\u00a0Can modern science eliminate atomic radiation from radioactive tailings?
\nG.8.<\/a>\u00a0What are the long-term effects of uranium mining? [Dr. Stella Swanson]<\/p>\n

H. REGULATING TAILINGS MANAGEMENT<\/span><\/p>\n

H.1.<\/a>\u00a0Who is responsible for regulating tailings management in Canada?
\nH.2.<\/a>\u00a0What do the regulations require?
\nH.3.<\/a>\u00a0Are the regulations effective?
\nH.4.<\/a>\u00a0Are the regulators independent of the industry?<\/p>\n

J. THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION<\/span><\/p>\n

J.1.<\/a>\u00a0Can the human body protect itself from radioactive materials?
\nJ.2.<\/a>\u00a0How does atomic radiation cause cancer?
\nJ.3.<\/a>\u00a0How does atomic radiation cause genetic defects in children?
\nJ.4.<\/a>\u00a0How do we know that atomic radiation causes genetic damage?
\nJ.5.<\/a>\u00a0How else can atomic radiation damage unborn children?
\nJ.6.<\/a>\u00a0Is there a cure for radiation victims?
\nJ.7.<\/a>\u00a0Can radioactivity be detected by human senses?
\nJ.8.<\/a>\u00a0Are medical and dental x-rays free of risk?<\/p>\n

K. THE REGULATION OF RADIATION EXPOSURES<\/span><\/p>\n

K.1.<\/a>\u00a0What is an “acceptable” level of exposure to atomic radiation?
\nK.2.<\/a>\u00a0Who is responsible for regulating radiation exposure in Canada?
\nK.3.<\/a>\u00a0What is the basis for setting radiation standards?
\nK.4.<\/a>\u00a0What is “background radiation”?
\nK.5.<\/a>\u00a0Is background radiation increasing?
\nK.6.<\/a>\u00a0Is radon in homes a problem? how does it get there?
\nK.7.<\/a>\u00a0Are Canadian exposure standards being made more stringent?<\/p>\n

L. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES<\/span><\/p>\n

L.1.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium Mining and the Environment
\nL.2.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium Industry and Regulation
\nL.3.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium Tailings
\nL.4.<\/a>\u00a0Historical Background
\nL.5.<\/a>\u00a0Health Hazards of Uranium Mining
\nL.6.<\/a>\u00a0Health Hazards of Atomic Radiation
\nL.7.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium and Nuclear Weapons
\nL.8.<\/a>\u00a0The Nuclear Option
\nL.9.<\/a>\u00a0Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Waste
\nL.10.<\/a>\u00a0Non-Nuclear Energy Alternatives
\nL.11.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium and Public Policy
\nL.12.<\/a>\u00a0Uranium Mining and Aboriginal Land Title\/Rights<\/p>\n

\n

A. URANIUM AND RADIOACTIVITY<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>A.1.\u00a0What is uranium?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uranium is the heaviest metal that occurs in nature. It is an unstable material which gradually breaks apart or “decays” at the atomic level, as described in the next section. Any such material is said to be “radioactive”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

As uranium slowly decays, it gives off invisible bursts of penetrating energy called “atomic radiation”. It also produces more than a dozen other radioactive substances as by-products.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

These unstable by-products, having little or no commercial value, are called “uranium decay products”. They are discarded as waste when uranium is mined. One of them is a toxic radioactive gas called radon. The others are radioactive solids.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/span><\/center><\/a>A.2.\u00a0What is radioactivity?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Science teaches us that everything is made of tiny little particles called atoms. They are too small to be seen even under a powerful microscope. When a substance is radioactive, it means that its atoms are exploding (sub-microscopically) and throwing off pieces of themselves with great force. This process is called “radioactive decay”.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

During radioactive decay, two types of tiny electrically charged particles are given off, travelling very fast. They are called alpha and beta particles. Some radioactive materials are alpha emitters, and others are beta emitters. In addition, highly energetic rays called gamma rays are often emitted. Gamma rays are not material particles at all, but a form of pure energy very similar to x-rays, travelling at the speed of light.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/span><\/center><\/a>A.3.\u00a0How far can atomic radiation penetrate?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Gamma rays penetrate through soft tissue just as light shines through a window. Beta particles have less penetrating power, travelling less than two centimeters in soft tissue. Alpha particles have the least penetrating power, travelling just a few micrometers in soft tissue, equivalent to a few cell diameters.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/span><\/center><\/a>A.4.\u00a0Is radioactivity dangerous?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays can do great harm to a living cell by breaking its chemical bonds at random and disrupting the cell’s genetic instructions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Massive exposure to atomic radiation can cause death within a few days or weeks. Smaller doses can cause burns, loss of hair, nausea, loss of fertility and pronounced changes in the blood. Still smaller doses, too small to cause any immediate visible damage, can result in cancer or leukemia in the person exposed, congenital abnormalities in his or her children (including physical deformities, diseases and mental retardation), and possible genetic defects in future generations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Outside the body, alpha emitters are the least harmful, and gamma emitters are more dangerous than beta emitters.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Inside the body, however, alpha emitters are the most dangerous. They are about 20 times more damaging than beta emitters or gamma emitters. Thus, although alpha radiation cannot penetrate through a sheet of paper or a dead layer of skin, alpha emitters are extremely hazardous when taken into the body by inhalation or ingestion, or through a cut or open sore.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/span><\/center><\/a>A.5.\u00a0How do radioactive elements produce other radioactive elements?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

When atoms undergo radioactive decay, they change into new substances, because they have lost something of themselves. These by-products of radioactive decay are called “decay products” or “progeny”. In many cases, the decay products are also radioactive. If so, they too will disintegrate, producing even more decay products and giving off even more atomic radiation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The number which appears after the name of a substance helps to indicate its place in the list of decay products. When the numbers go down by four, an alpha particle has been emitted. When the numbers stay the same, a beta particle has been emitted. Most of the time, but not always, there is a gamma ray emitted to accompany the alpha or beta emission. Thus uranium-238 changes into thorium-230 (in three stages), which then changes into radium-226, and thence into radon-222. The numbers keep getting smaller because the atoms are losing a part of themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center>B. URANIUM AND ITS USES<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>B.1.\u00a0Where is uranium found?<\/span><\/p>\n

Tiny amounts of uranium are found almost everywhere. However, concentrated deposits of uranium (called ores) are found in just a few places, usually in hard rock or sandstone. These deposits are normally covered over with earth and vegetation.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Canada (see the map below) uranium mining has taken place in the Northwest Territories (Great Bear Lake and Rayrock), in northern Saskatchewan (Cluff Lake, Key Lake, Rabbit Lake, Wollaston Lake and Uranium City), in Ontario (Elliot Lake and Bancroft), and in a few other places.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Uranium has also been mined in the southwest United States, Australia, parts of Europe, the Soviet Union, Namibia, South Africa, Niger and elsewhere.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the 1970s, uranium deposits were discovered in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Labrador, but due to citizen opposition, the uranium mining companies have not been allowed to mine the ores in these areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the past fifteen years, Saskatchewan has become the uranium capital of the world. The richest uranium ores ever discovered have been found in Saskatchewn.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.2.\u00a0How did Canada get into the uranium business?<\/span><\/p>\n

Before 1939, there was no significant use for uranium. German potters used it to make a reddish glaze, and it was studied by scientists for its radioactive properties. Then, during World War II, scientists realized that extremely powerful bombs could be made by “splitting” uranium atoms using nuclear fission, which is described in section C.<\/span><\/p>\n

When the U.S. needed uranium to build the world’s first atomic bombs, Canada paid to have a deserted, privately-owned radium mine in the Northwest Territories re-opened as a uranium mine. Canada secretly bought up shares in the company, Eldorado Mining and Refining, and turned it into a crown corporation: Eldorado Nuclear Ltd.<\/span><\/p>\n

At the Eldorado refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, uranium from the NWT and the Congo was processed for the U.S. army who used it to produce the world’s first atomic bombs. These bombs completely destroyed two Japanese cities at the end of the war in 1945.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.3.\u00a0How is uranium used in atomic bombs?<\/span><\/p>\n

The explosive in the Hiroshima bomb was a rare kind of uranium, found in very low concentrations in every sample of uranium. The Nagasaki bomb was made from a different nuclear explosive material called plutonium. But plutonium — the most commonly used nuclear explosive today — has to be made from uranium. In fact, without uranium, none of the current nuclear weapons could have been built.<\/span><\/p>\n

For twenty years after the first atomic explosions, Canada’s uranium was sold to make many more atomic bombs as well as hydrogen bombs, which are even more powerful (but which still require uranium or plutonium as a “trigger”). In 1959, uranium was Canada’s fourth most important export, after newsprint, lumber and wheat. At that time, it was all sold for military explosive purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.4.\u00a0How is uranium used in nuclear reactors to produce electricity?<\/span><\/p>\n

In the 1960s, the nuclear fission process began to be used to produce electricity in special machines called nuclear reactors. These machines use uranium as a kind of fuel to boil water. The steam that is produced spins a turbine to make electricity. There are now twenty nuclear power plants in Canada, and hundreds worldwide. Eighteen nuclear plants are operating in Ontario. There is also one in Qu\u00e9bec and another in New Brunswick.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, and especially since the Chernobyl accident in 1986, almost no new nuclear reactors have been sold. However, in 1990 Ontario Hydro announced that it wants to build about a dozen more.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.5.\u00a0Are there other uses for nuclear reactors?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nuclear reactors fuelled with uranium can be used to produce artificial radioactive substances called “radioisotopes” for use in industry, scientific research and medicine. Alternatively, many of these radioisotopes can be produced in special machines called accelerators, which do not require the use of uranium.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nuclear reactors also serve to drive the propulsion units of nuclear submarines. In addition, special military reactors are used to produce most of the nuclear explosive materials used in nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.6.\u00a0Are the peaceful and military uses of uranium incompatible?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nuclear reactors fuelled with uranium automatically produce plutonium as a byproduct. If that plutonium is chemically separated from the rest of the radioactive garbage in the spent reactor fuel, it can be used as a nuclear explosive. So, the spread of nuclear power around the world gives more and more countries the option of producing nuclear weapons at some future time.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1974, India exploded a bomb that was made from plutonium produced in a reactor given to the Indian government as a gift by the Canadian government. It was not an electricity-producing reactor, but a smaller machine called a “research reactor”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Canada has also given or sold reactors to Taiwan, Pakistan, South Korea, Argentina and Romania. Several regimes in these client countries have displayed an interest in either developing nuclear weapons themselves, or in sharing their nuclear technology with other countries having such military ambitions (e.g. Iraq and Libya).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.7.\u00a0Has Canada ever produced plutonium for use in bombs?<\/span><\/p>\n

During World War II, European scientists worked in a top-secret laboratory in Montreal, paid for by Canada, to find the most efficient method for producing plutonium for atomic bombs. This involved the use of a special material called “heavy water”.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1944, a military decision was taken in Washington D.C. to build one or more “heavy water reactors” at Chalk River, Ontario, to test the Montreal laboratory’s findings. When these Canadian reactors began operating after the war was over, they proved to be among the very best plutonium-producing reactors in the world. The reactor that was given to the Indian government was a copy of one of these.<\/span><\/p>\n

To help defray the cost of its nuclear research program, the Canadian government sold plutonium produced in Chalk River reactors to the U.S. military for use in bombs for over twenty years. Plutonium from Chalk River was akso sent to the U.K. to assist the British in the development of their first atomic bombs. The British learned how to separate plutonium for military use by building and operating a plutonium separation plant at Chalk River, in cooperation with Canadian scientists. French scientists working at the Montreal laboratory likewise learned valuable lessons which assisted in the development of France’s first nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.8.\u00a0Does Canada still sell uranium and plutonium for bombs?<\/span><\/p>\n

Since 1965, Canada has had a policy of selling uranium for peaceful purposes only — that is, as fuel for nuclear reactors. Any country purchasing Canadian uranium or a Canadian nuclear reactor must promise not to use it or the byproduct plutonium for bombs. This policy is complemented by an international nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). However, as the Indian experience shows, the policy cannot be enforced; if a country chooses to make atomic bombs, Canada cannot prevent it.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.9.\u00a0Does Canadian uranium still find its way into nuclear bombs?<\/span><\/p>\n

Over 85 percent of Canadian uranium is exported. In most cases, before being sent on to foreign customers, it first goes to a uranium enrichment plant. For every seven pounds of uranium that enters the enrichment plant, less than one pound ends up in the finished product: reactor fuel. The other six pounds of uranium are discarded as a waste material having no significant civilian use.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some of this cast-off uranium, called “depleted uranium”, was regularly used by the U.S. military in the construction of nuclear weapons. In fact, it was the raw material from which weapons-grade plutonium was created in special military reactors.<\/span>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
containers of depleted uranium left over from uranium enrichment<\/th>\n“target rods” made from depleted uranium used to produce plutonium for bombs<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
photos by Robert Del Tredici<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

<\/center><\/p>\n

\n

Depleted uranium is also used in the manufacture of metal components for the bomb itself, thereby more than doubling the explosive power of each warhead. The U.S. military makes no distinction between depleted uranium of Canadian origin and depleted uranium of any other origin.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

When Canadian uranium was enriched in the Soviet Union, Canada did not allow the USSR to keep the depleted uranium within its borders because of its military potential.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

. . . back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/center><\/a>B.10.\u00a0Are there any other uses for uranium?<\/span><\/p>\n

There are other uses for uranium, but they are less important. Some bullets are coated with uranium so that they can pierce through heavy armour. Some tanks are reinforced with uranium to make them stronger. Uranium is used as a weight in some airplanes and in the Cruise missiles tested in the Canadian north.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\u00a0MORE . . . (Part Two)<\/a>\u00a0] . . . or back to [\u00a0TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/small><\/a>\u00a0]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  URANIUM A Discussion Guide (page 1 of 4) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS by Dr. Gordon Edwards et al.   prepared for and published by The National Film Board of Canada to accompany the film “Uranium” directed by Magnus Isacsson   TABLE\u00a0OF CONTENTSA. URANIUM AND RADIOACTIVITY A.1.\u00a0What is uranium? A.2.\u00a0What is radioactivity? A.3.\u00a0How far can atomic …<\/p>\n

Uranium – A Discussion Guide<\/span> Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":451,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uranium"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=448"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":502,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/448\/revisions\/502"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.ccnr.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}